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Carl Sagan on the Brilliance of Historic Greek Scientist Eratosthenes
Carl Sagan, the American astronomer, creator, and science communicator was famend for making tough scientific ideas comprehensible to the thousands and thousands; he did precisely this at first of his famend sequence Cosmos by explaining the thought technique of the traditional Greek scientist Eratosthenes.
In a world of anti-science, anti-expert, anti-vax fervor, take coronary heart from the nice communicator’s elegant clarification of how the traditional Greeks found and proved seminal concepts within the realm of human thought.
Maybe finest recognized for his phrase “billions and billions,” used to explain the celebs in his sequence Cosmos, the beloved scientist initially delved into the work of the traditional Greek mathematician Eratosthenes, who was the first to mathematically prove that the Earth was indeed round.
Carl Sagan defined grand scientific ideas to non-scientists
Eratosthenes proved over two thousand years ago not solely that the earth was spherical but additionally mathematically decided its actual circumference.
Extremely, the traditional Greek mathematician didn’t have way more than a stick, his mind, and what Sagan known as “a zest for experiment” to assist him make the wonderful discovery.
Born in Cyrene, an historic Greek colony in modern-day Libya, in 276 BC, Eratosthenes was a polymath, which means he had huge data of many various topics, together with arithmetic, astronomy, music principle, and poetry.
How Eratosthenes found the circumference of the Earth
He was intrigued to listen to from observers that in Syene, a city south of Alexandria in Egypt, no vertical shadows have been solid at midday on the summer season solstice, when the solar was instantly overhead.
Therefore, the Greek mathematician naturally questioned if this was the case in Alexandria, too, a couple of tons of of miles to the North of Syene. If it was not, then that might imply that the Earth certainly has a curved floor.
In his sequence, Carl Sagan began out in his historical past of the understanding of the cosmos by relating the unimaginable story of this discovery. Based on Sagan, Eratosthenes requested the way it could possibly be “that on the similar on the spot there was no shadow at Syene and a really substantial shadow [in] Alexandria?”
“The one reply is that the floor of the Earth is curved,” Sagan said, demonstrating the idea by way of a cardboard map, which he then flexed, displaying a definite shadow solid by a pylon he had mounted within the metropolis of Alexandria.
“Not solely that, however the higher the curvature, the larger the distinction within the size of the shadows,” the astronomer defined.
“The solar is so far-off that its rays are parallel after they attain the Earth,” Sagan identified. “Sticks at totally different angles to the solar’s rays will solid shadows at totally different lengths. The noticed distinction within the shadow lengths—the space between Alexandria and Syene— needed to be about seven levels alongside the floor of the earth.”
Eratosthenes determined to conduct an experiment to check this principle, and on June twenty first within the 12 months 240 BC, he traveled to Alexandria, positioned a stick straight into the bottom, and waited to see if a shadow can be solid at midday.
It turns on the market certainly was one, and he measured it. The shadow that was solid measured out to be about seven levels; in different phrases, if sticks positioned at every finish of the shadow continued down into the middle of the Earth, they’d meet at an angle of seven levels.
After conducting this experiment, Eratosthenes got here to a really logical conclusion. If the solar’s rays are coming in on the similar angle on the similar time of day, and a stick in Alexandria casts a shadow of seven levels whereas the stick in Syene doesn’t solid a shadow in any respect, it should imply that the Earth’s floor is certainly curved.
The idea of a spherical Earth had already been known to Pythagoras round 500 BC and was validated by Aristotle a couple of centuries later.
Eratosthenes took this idea a bit additional, nonetheless, pondering that if the Historic Greeks earlier than him had been appropriate and the Earth was a sphere, he may subsequently use his observations to calculate the circumference of our planet.
After hiring a person to tempo the space between Syene and Alexandria, he came upon that the 2 cities have been 5 thousand stadia aside, which is about eight hundred kilometers (497.09 miles).
He may then use easy proportions to seek out the Earth’s circumference—7.2 levels is 1/50 of 360 levels, so eight hundred occasions fifty equals forty thousand kilometers (24,854.84 miles).
And identical to that, an historic Greek calculated exactly the circumference of our complete planet with essentially the most fundamental instruments and his formidable logic over two thousand years in the past.
Sagan said that “Eratosthenes’ solely instruments have been sticks, eyes, ft and brains—plus a zest for experiment. With these instruments, he accurately deduced the circumference of the Earth—to excessive precision—with an error of just a few p.c. That’s fairly good figuring for two,200 years in the past.”
Celebrities
As Theo fakes his personal disappearance, spoilers reveal how his ‘heroic’ actions result in Todd discovering him
Theo thought it will be humorous to faux his personal disappearance in Coronation Street tonight to get underneath Todd’s pores and skin.
This night (Friday, October 3), Jake Windass handed Theo’s cellphone to Brian. Todd then recognised that it was Theo’s and began to stress.
It wasn’t lengthy earlier than Todd then headed to the police station to report Theo lacking. However, if solely he knew the reality…
Theo fakes his disappearance in Coronation Road
Since he bumped right into a former blast from the previous on the membership on Wednesday evening (October 1), Theo’s gone walkabouts.
Todd grew to become involved for Theo when he seen his anger begin to creep up throughout a enjoyable afternoon out with their mates. This ended up with the couple arguing and Theo heading off in a strop.
Tonight, Todd frightened when he tried to contact Theo however heard nothing again. Jake Windass then informed Brian that he’d discovered a cellphone on the ground, with Todd then realising it was Theo’s.
Involved about Theo’s welfare, Todd headed to the police station and tried to report Theo as lacking to PC Jess Hayward.
Believing that his considerations had been being dismissed, Todd then determined to go away.
In the meantime, Theo was completely high-quality as viewers came upon that he’d paid Jake Windass to ‘discover’ his cellphone.
Jake believed that Theo was solely pranking Todd, not realising Theo Silverton’s cruel ulterior motive.
Coronation Road spoilers reveal Theo ‘hero’ twist
Subsequent week in Coronation Road spoilers, Todd finds Theo though this was not a part of Theo’s authentic plan.
Discovering Asha on a bench in a foul method, Theo manages to name for assist. Todd’s furious as he blasts Theo for going AWOL.
Nonetheless, Amy then tells Todd that Asha would possibly’ve died if Theo hadn’t of noticed her when he did. Will this make Todd soften his stance?
In a while, Theo attends Noah’s funeral as Todd lies that he can’t be part of him as he’s slowed down with work.
Secretly, he’s getting examined for bowel most cancers, with Billy supporting him.
However, when Theo spots Billy Mayhew and Todd having a drink within the Rovers, he’s furious. Can Todd clarify the state of affairs?
Learn extra: Coronation Street star Sydney Martin hints a major upcoming ‘twist’ in Becky Swain storyline
Coronation Street usually airs on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays at 8pm on ITV.
For all the latest soap spoilers, news and chat come and join us at Coronation Street Insider now!
Depart us a touch upon our Facebook page @EntertainmentDailyFix and tell us what you suppose.
Tyrese Gibson turned himself in on Friday when a warrant was issued for his arrest in reference to animal cruelty, after his canine allegedly killed a neighbor’s canine in his Atlanta neighborhood.
The actor and R&B singer was booked in Fulton County and launched on $20,000 bond, in accordance with Fulton County Sheriff’s Workplace jail data.
Gibson’s authorized counsel, Gabe Banks, shared a press release with ABC Information following the singer’s launch and stated, “Regardless of what others would possibly say, all through this whole course of Mr. Gibson has cooperated absolutely with authorized authorities and can proceed to take action till this matter is resolved.”
Arrest warrant issued for actor Tyrese Gibson
Banks added, “Mr. Gibson as soon as once more needs to increase his deepest condolences to the household who misplaced their canine and respectfully asks for privateness and understanding as this matter is dealt with by means of the suitable authorized channels.”
Gibson, who can be recognized for his position within the “Quick and Livid” movies, was accused of animal cruelty after police stated his 4 Cane Corso canine ran out of his mansion and killed a canine, a Cavalier King Charles spaniel, at a neighbor’s house on Sept. 18.
Phillip Faraone/Getty Photographs – PHOTO: Tyrese Gibson attends the MACRO Pre-Oscars Social gathering at Laya Restaurant on February 27, 2025 in Los Angeles, California.
Based on a police report, officers visited Gibson’s house on Sept. 22 to impound the 4 canine after Gibson instructed them by means of his assistant that he would flip them over. Nevertheless, the report states that when officers arrived on the house, Gibson was not there, and his assistant instructed police they might not take the canine, as Gibson wanted “a number of extra days” to seek out “one other place” for them to go.
Authorities subsequently issued an arrest warrant for Gibson.
Robb Pitts, the chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Fulton County, Georgia, instructed ABC Information that whereas Gibson turned himself on this week, he’s “nonetheless not co-operating,” and officers nonetheless need the canine turned in too.
“We will not drive him to inform us the place the canine are however the choose will be capable to compel him to show the canine over to us,” Pitts continued. “From our perspective, the canine can be deemed as harmful based mostly on all the things that has occurred up to now.”
The canine that Gibson’s Cane Corsos are accused of killing belonged to Harrison Parker, Gibson’s neighbor.
“The pack of these 4 canine have been there minutes earlier than I discovered Henry’s physique,” Parker instructed “Good Morning America” in an interview earlier this week. “And there was completely no vehicles, no people, simply the canine. And he was useless. And the actual fact he died like that alone within the darkness at night time and I wasn’t there… it is simply horrible.”
Parker added, “I actually hope that justice is absolutely served.”
Gibson, who was out of the state the night time that the incident occurred, stated in a press release shared this week on Instagram that he’s “devastated and heartbroken” for Parker’s household.
“To the household who misplaced their beloved pet: please know that I’m praying for you, grieving with you, and can proceed to face this tragedy with honesty, accountability, and compassion,” he stated.
Gibson’s authorized counsel stated in a press release shared with the actor’s put up that Gibson had “made the extremely troublesome resolution to rehome his two grownup canine and their three puppies in secure and loving houses” after studying what had occurred.
In a separate assertion on the time, Gibson’s authorized counsel stated the singer initially obtained the canine after he had been “coping with stalkers randomly displaying up at his house” and added that the canine have been “by no means skilled to be vicious.”
Police stated Gibson’s neighbors have complained that the canine have been typically seen operating unfastened.
In Gibson’s arrest warrant, police stated that they’d spent greater than per week making an attempt to persuade the actor to give up his canine.
“It has been an issue and it is not going to go away,” Pitts instructed ABC Information in an interview on Thursday.
Pitts added that rehoming the canine is “not adequate.”
Prince Williams/WireImage – PHOTO: Tyrese performs throughout Keyshia Cole: The Means It Is twentieth Anniversary tour at State Farm Area on July 22, 2025 in Atlanta, Georgia.
“We now have to have possession of them,” he stated. “Him rehoming them does not imply a hill of beans to us.”
Pitts additionally stated there’s a accountability that comes with pet possession.
“Pet possession is an efficient factor, however there is a accountability that comes together with proudly owning a pet,” he stated. “And based mostly upon the footage that I’ve seen, based mostly upon the complaints that I’ve seen that the neighbors have launched towards him over a time frame, this didn’t simply occur.”
He added, “The concern is, on this case, it was a small pet canine, one other canine, however it may have been a baby out taking part in. It may have been an grownup. It may have been a human being.”
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